- Ankita Gupta
- G. K. Sujayanand
- Deepa Bhagat
- G. Ravi
- P. L. Tandon
- S. B. Patil
- Bhemanna Hugar
- A. Hosamani
- S. P. Singh
- M. Chaudhary
- S. Preethi
- N. A. Pushpalatha
- B. S. Bhummannavar
- B. S. Bhumannavar
- Abraham Verghese
- Kesavan Subaharan
- J. Vinutha
- P. Ramakrishna
- A. Raghavendra
- K. V. Ravindra
- A. Verghese
- A. N. Shylesha
- S. K. Jalali
- Richa Varshney
- T. Venkatesan
- Pradeeksha Shetty
- Rakshit Ojha
- Prabhu C. Ganiger
- Omprakash Navik
- K. Subaharan
- Chandish R. Ballal
- M. Mohan
- M. Sampathkumar
- S. R. Venkatachalam
- S. B. Suby
- P. Lakshmi Soujanya
- Pranjal Yadava
- Jagadeesh Patil
- G. Shyam Prasad
- K. Srinivasa Babu
- S. L. Jat
- K. R. Yathish
- Jyothilakshmi Vadassery
- Vinay K. Kalia
- J. C. Shekhar
- Sujay Rakshit
- Sunil Joshi
- S. Vennila
- M. Vijayakumar
- Madhu Subramanian
- M. Yoganayagi
- T. R. Ashika
- R. Senthoorraja
- Deepak Kumar Patel
- Vppalayam Shanmugam Pragadheesh
- S. Basavarajappa
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Bakthavatsalam, N.
- Record of Three Larval Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) of Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from Southern India
Authors
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 53-55Abstract
Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) commonly known as legume pod borer is known to infest many leguminous crops. In the recent rearing records of larval parasitoids from M. vitrata three species of wasps have been bred, Bassus relativus (Bhat and Gupta, 1977) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae), Phanerotoma hendecasisella Cameron, 1905 (Braconidae: Cheloninae) and Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cameron, 1907) (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae). Amongst these three Indian species of wasps, B. relativus is recorded for the first time as a larval parasitoid of M. vitrata. In the present study main diagnostic characters of all the three species of parasitic wasps along with their hosts and distribution details are provided.Keywords
Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Larval Parasitoids, Maruca vitrata.References
- Bhat S, Gupta VK. 1977. The subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Ichneumonologia Orientalis 6. Oriental Insects 6: 1–353.
- Cameron P. 1905. On the phytophagous and parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Mr. E.Green in Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica 3: 67–143.
- Cameron P. 1907. On the parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Major C.G. Nurse in the Bombay presidency. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 17: 584 –595, 1011 –1012.
- Rousse P. 2011. Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. V. Ichneumonidae Cremastinae. Zootaxa 3118: 1–30.
- Yu D. 2012. Home of Ichneumonoidea. Available from: http://www.taxapad.com (Accessed on 04 Jan. 2013).
- Influence of Rice Cultivars on the Parasitization Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead
Authors
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 329–333Abstract
Trichogrammatids are efficient egg parasitoids in rice agroecosystem and two species of Trichogramma viz., Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and T. japonicum Ashmead were reported from several species of rice stem borers and other lepiodpterous pests. Physicochemical variations between the cultivars of crops often interfere with the efficiency of the Trichogramma spp. The response of T. chilonis and T. japonicum to the variations in the volatile profile of rice cultivars was investigated. The results indicated that the parasitization efficiency of both T. chilonis and T. japonicum was influenced by the volatiles of rice cultivars. While in some cultivars, such as Kadamba, MTU-1010, KMT 148, KCP-1, the response of T. chilonis was very high, in some of the cultivars like CTH-1, MTU 1010, VTT-5204, the response by T. japonicum was high. The highest overall response of 83.89 % was recorded in the variety Kadamba by T. chilonis. Volatile profile of the cultivars indicated the presence of 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid and 9-octadecenal might have played positive role in the attraction of T. chilonis to specific cultivars while hexadecane, heptadecane, petadecane and hexadeconic acid might be responsible for the attraction of T. japonicum.Keywords
Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma japonicum, Rice cultivars, Volatile.References
- Balakrishnan N, Baskaran RKM, Mahadevan NR. 2006. Influence of different cotton varieties/hybrid on the ovipositional preference and predation of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens and parasitization of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. J Exptl Zool. 9: 93–96.
- Basit A, Saikia K, Bhattacharyya B. 2001. Varietal preference of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii in laboratory. Insect Env. 7: 22–23.
- Chakraborty K. 2011. Report on gg parasitoids of Scirophaga incertulas from Hamtabad, West Bengal. Ann Pl Prot Sci. 19(1): 213–214.
- Dandale HG, Thakare AY, Tikar SN, Rao NGV, Nimbalkar SA. 2002. Egg laying by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on hairy and non-hairy cultivars of hirsutum cotton and its parasitization by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. Insect Env. 8: 167–168.
- Khan MA, Tiwar, S. 2001. Effect of plant extracts on the parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. J Biol Control 15: 133–137.
- Jalali SK, Rabindra RJ, Rao NS, Dasan CB. 2003. Mass production of Trichogrammatids and Chrysopids. Tech Bull 33. Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore. 16 pp.
- Madhu S, Paul AVN, Singh DB. 2000. Synomonal effect of different plant extracts on parasitism by Trichogramma brasiliensis (Ashmead) and Trichogramma japonicum (Ashmead). Shashpa 7: 35–40.
- Paul AVN, Singh S, Singh AK. 2002. Kairomonal effect of some saturated hydrocarbons on the egg parasitoids Trichogramma brasiliensis (Ashmead) and Trichogramma exiguum, Pinto, Platner and Oatman (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Appl Entomol. 126: 409–416.
- Rani PU, Kumari SI, Sriramakrishna T, Sudhakar TR. 2007. Kairomones extracted from rice yellow stem borer and their influence on egg parasitization by Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. J Chem Ecol. 33: 59–73.
- Romeis J, Shanower TG, Zebitz CPW. 1999. Why Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) egg parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fail on chickpea? Bull Ent Res. 89: 89–95.
- Shankarganesh K, Khan MA. 2006a. Bio-efficacy of plant extracts on parasitisation of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead and T. poliae Nagaraja. Ann Pl Prot Sci. 14: 280–282.
- Shankarganesh K, Khan MA. 2006b. Effect of some weed extracts on parasitisation behaviour of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Ent Res. 30: 151–153.
- Singh JP, Joginder Singh, Brar KS. 2001. Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on different varieties of cotton. Insect Env. 7: 15–16.
- Srivastava M, Paul AVN, Singh AK, Dureja P. 2004. Synomonal effect of chickpea varieties on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera). Indian J Entomol. 66: 332– 338.
- Tandon PL. 2001. Negative aspects of interaction between host plant resistance and biological control and its implication in integrated pest management of crops, pp 13–21. In: Upadhyay, RK, Mukerji, KG and Chamola BP (Eds). Biocontrol potential and it exploitation in sustainable agriculture. Vol. 2. Insect pests. Kluever Academic/Plenum Publishers.
- Tandon PL, Bakthavatsalam N. 2001. Influence of chickpea genotypes on the parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) eggs. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Biocontrol Based Pest Management for Quality Crop Protection in the Current Millenium) pp 36–37, July 18–19, 2001 PAU Ludhiana.
- Tandon PL, Bakthavatsalam N. 2002. Parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) eggs-influence of pigeon pea genotypes, 75–78. In: Tandon, PL, Ballal, CR, Jalali, SK, Rabindra, RJ) (Eds.). Biological control of lepidopteran pests. Society for Biocontrol Advancement, Bangalore, India.
- Tandon PL, Bakthavatsalam N. 2004. Influence of sunflower genotypes on parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Helicoverpa armigera DEEPA BHAGAT and BAKTHAVATSALAM (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Biol Control 18: 129–34.
- Tandon PL, Bakthavatsalam N. 2005. Electrophysiological and olfactometric responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to volatiles of trap crops-Tagetes erecta Linnaeus and Solanum viarum Dunal. J Biol Control 19: 9–16.
- Virk JS, Brar KS, Sohi AS. 2004. Effect of varieties/ hybrids of cotton on the parasitization efficiency of Tricho-gramma chilonis Ishii. J Biol Control 18: 73–75.
- Wakil MASRMSW. 2011. Efficacy of some plant extracts against rice borers and leaf folder in integration with biocontrol agents (Chrysoperla carnea and Trichogramma chilonis). Pakistan Entomol. 33(2): 81–85.
- Electrophysiological Response of Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Rice Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to the Extracts of Plants Collected from Rice Ecosystem
Authors
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
2 Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612 101, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 98-102Abstract
Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere is an efficient egg parasitoid on rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). The electrophysiological response of females of T. schoenobii to the extracts of plants collected from rice fields was studied under laboratory conditions. The highest response was noticed to the host plant of the pest, S. incertulas and honey solution. Response was also noticed to the flowers of Hyptis suaveolens, a common weed in rice fields, mostly by female parasitoids to the flowers of the non-crop vegetation.Keywords
Tetrastichus schoenobii, Scirpophaga incertulas, Electrophysiology, Hyptis suaveolens.- Plant Volatile Diversity in Different Tomato Genotypes and its Influence on Parasitization Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Box No.2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 2 (2007), Pagination: 271-281Abstract
Evaluation of 15 tomato genotypes (Varieties/hybrids) for their influence on the parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) eggs under screen house condition revealed significant differences in terms of per cent parasitization. Least parasitization was recorded on Arka Abha (20%) and highest on Arka Ahuti (50%), followed by Anand-1 (46.66%). Olfactory response of T. chilonis to tomato fruit volatiles did not show significant differences. However, leaf volatiles showed significant differences in their attraction to T. chilonis. The fruit volatiles identified from different genotypes comprised 16 compounds, which include alkane hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and other metabolites. It revealed great fruit volatile diversity in terms of number of compounds (qualitative) and their proportions (quantitative). Maximum compounds were identified from variety Ramya and Pusa Ruby (12 each). The major compound present in the fruit volatiles was Linalool-L and its proportionate concentration varied from 1.79 (Pusa Ruby) to 91.12 per cent (Arka Abha). This was followed by heptadecane (present in all the genotypes) and the proportionate concentration varied from 2.89 (A. Saurabh) to 62.9 per cent varalakshmi. The leaf volatile profiles of the genotypes evaluated include 19 compounds. Except genotype varalakshmi in which a-pinene constituted 69.69 per cent of total volatiles, in all other genotypes heptadecane was the main compound and the concentration varied from 21.72 (in Ramya) to 60.75 per cent (in A. Abha). Some of the compounds identified α-phellandrene, a-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, (Z)-α-farnesenc, trans-α-ocimene and selinene are known for their synomonal activity.Keywords
Genotypes, Helicoverpa armigera, Parasitizing Efficiency, Tomato, Trichogramma Chilonis, Volatile Diversity.- Electro-Physiological and Olfactometric Responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Volatiles of Trap Crops -Tagetes erecta Linnaeus and Solatium viarum Dunal
Authors
1 P. B. No. 2491. H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 19, No 1 (2005), Pagination: 9-16Abstract
Experiments were done on electro-physiological and olfactometeric responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) and its egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii to leaf and floral volatiles of Tagetes erecta Linnaeus and Solanum viarum Dunal. H. armigera female moths exhibited highest mean absolute net electrophysiological response (−0,462mv) to floral volatiles of T. erecta followed by volatiles from leaves (−0.395mv), In case of olfactometric responses, T. chilonis showed maximum net response to hexane extract of T. erecta flower bud (47.5%), followed by floral and leaf volatiles. However, statistically all these cues were on par. The volatile compounds identified from leaves and flowers of T. erecta, and leaves of 5. viarum were 16, 17 and 21 in number, respectively. The compounds found common in both the trap crops were: 1, 2, benzenedicarboxylic acid, cis-a-bisabolene, eicosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, pentacosane, tetradecane and nonadecane. Among the floral volatiles, piperitenone was in the highest proportion (25.5%), followed by piperitone (5.39%), limonene (4.83%), trans- b-ocimene (3.35%), cis-epoxy-ocimene (4.83%), myrcene (1.13%) and BHT-aldehyde (0.34%). Studies revealed that both the trap crops -T. erecta and S.viarum are Trichogramma friendly.Keywords
Electrophysiological and Olfactometric Responses, Helicoverpa armigera, Solanum viarum, Tagetes erecta, Trap Crops, Trichogramma chilonis, Volatile Compounds.- Influence of Strain Variability and Kairomonal Substances on Parasitization Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors
1 Biological Control (ICAR), P. B. No 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 20, No 1 (2006), Pagination: 13-18Abstract
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii is an effective egg parasitoid for the management of several lepidopterous borer pests. With a view to improve its efficiency further, study was conducted on the influence of strain variability and kairomonal substances on its parasitization under multiple-choice assay using an 8-arm olfactometer. The results revealed that irrespective of treatment with kairomonal substances, highest mean parasitization of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs (21.5%) was done by strain collected from the sugarcane borers (Strain IS). Least mean parasitization was observed in eggs exposed to Strain 22. Among the five kairomonal substances tested, hexacosane (0.1%) induced highest mean egg parasitization, The interaction between T. chilonis strains and kairomones indicated that the combination of Strain 15 and hcxacosane (0.1%) was most effective and registered highest egg parasitization (36.6%), followed by the combination of Strain 15 and tricosanc (0.1%). The scope of selecting and utilizing the behaviorally responsive strains in combination with their effective kairomones for field release is discussed.Keywords
Kairomonal Substances, Parasilization Efficiency, Strain Variability, Triehogramma chilonis.- Kairomone Formulations as Reinforcing Agents for Increasing Abundance of Chrysoperla cornea (Stephens) in Cotton Ecosystem
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Bag No, 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, IN
3 Regional Agricultural College (UAS, Dharwad), Raichur, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 1-8Abstract
Adults and larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) utilize different kairomones for oviposition, prey selection and acceptance. The larval kairomones containing scale extracts fortified with tricosane along with the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) as the supplementary diet, and the adult kairomone, acid hydrolyzcd L-tryptophan were studied to increase the predatory activity of the C. carnea in cotton ecosystem at three locations during 2002-2004. Controls were maintained with the two releases of C. carnea and without any treatment. In all the locations, the number of eggs, larvae, pupae or adult C. carnea was more than the treated control and control. The number of aphids, jassids, and the incidence of bollworm were significantly less in kairomone treated plots, compared to other plots. However, no difference was observed in the activity of coccinellids predators. The scope for utilizing the kairomones as reinforcing agents for C. carnea is discussed.Keywords
Abundance, Chrysoperla Carnea, Cotton, L-Tryptophan, Scale Extract, Tricosane.- Kairomones, their Optimum Concentrations, and Application Techniques to Enhance the Parasitization Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological control (ICAR) P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 20, No 2 (2006), Pagination: 169-174Abstract
Studies to identify effective kairomones, their optimum doses and appropriate application techniques with a view to increase the parasitizing efficiency of T. chilonis were conducted during 2005-06 in the laboratory. Fresh hexane extract of Corcyra cephalonica (1%)+hexacosane (0.3%) and C. cephalonica scale extract (1%)+nonacosane (0.3%) were the most attractive and recorded the highest egg parasitization (77.25% in both) when applied in impregnated rubber septa. The second effective kairomone was C. cephalonica scale extract (1%)+pentacosane (0.3%). Kairomone impregnated septa as dispensers proved better over paper strips. No significant difference in parasitizing efficiency was recorded between ochre and orange septa kairomone dispensers.Keywords
Hexacosane, kairomones, Nonacosane, Pentacosane, Rubber Septa, Scales Extract, Trichogramma chilonis, Tricosane.- Influence of Sunflower Genotypes on Parasitization Efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (lCAR), H. A. Farm Post, P. B. No. 2491, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 18, No 2 (2004), Pagination: 129-134Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on the effect of sunflower genotypes (21 nos.) on the parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) under screen house conditions at Project Directorate of Biological Control (lCAR), Bangalore, Karnataka during 1999-2000. Pooled analysis of the data generated under these experinIents revealed significant difference in per cent parasitism of H. armigera eggs by T. chilonis on these genotypes. Highest parasitism was observed on sunflower hybrid MSFH 17 (53.50%) among all the genotypes evaluated. Second best performance was on variety Morden (42.50%), followed by RHA-274 (41.00%) and hybrid KBSH 1 (38.00%). However, statistically all these were on par. Least parasitism was recorded on hybrid BSH-I (8.00%), followed by variety 6D·l (9.50%) and accession no. 109 (12.50%). Strangely, both parent lines of this hybrid, namely, CMS 234A and RHA 274, recorded much higher parasitism. All other genotypes recorded low to moderate parasitism ranging from 16.00 to 34.50 per cent. The sunflower genotypes (hybrids, cultivars, inbred lines), which are found T. chilonis friendly, are also agronomically acceptable. Among them, two are important national high yielding (seed and oil) hybrids (MSFH 17 and KBSH 1).Keywords
Genotypes, Helicoverpa armigera, Parasitization Efficiency, Sunflower, Trichogramma chilonis.- Synomone mediated behavioural responses of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to cotton infested by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 14, No 2 (2000), Pagination: 1-6Abstract
Chrysoperta carnea (Stephens) is considered as an important predator against Helicoverpa armigera (Hii bner) and other sucking pests. The behavioural response of adult of C. carnea to the volatiles of plants infested by H. armigera was studied under laboratory conditions through electroantennogram and olfactometer. The adults showed good electroantennogram response to volatiles from flowers and bolls of cotton infested by H. armigera. Highest response was noticed to tbe infested bolls than flowers and leaves. In zone resident period studies, the adults spent distinctively more time in the zone 6 (nearest to source) when infested bolls were tested. In dual choice methods, significantly more number of adults reached the synomone arm than the control arm, when infested eotton bolls were tested. The response to infested leaves was very poor.Keywords
Chrysoperiu carnea, Electroantennogram, Helicoverpa armigera, Infested Cotton, Synomone, Olfactometer.Full Text
- Behavioural Responses of Key Parasitoids of Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) to the Kairomones
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 13, No 1&2 (1999), Pagination: 7-14Abstract
Hexane wash of gallery and body of Opisina arenosella Walker elicited positive response from the parasitoids namely Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan and Elasmus nephantidis Rohwer, in terms of more number of parasitoids entering the kairomone arm than hexane arm in 'Y' tube olfactometer. Although, numerically, the gallery wash elicited higher response than larval body wash of the host O. arenosella to G. nephantidis, statistically, the treatments were on par. Chemical analysis of kairomonal substances using GCMS revealed the presence of 13-tetradecenal and myristic acid in the gallery wash, in addition to dodecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane and tricosane. Larval wash showed terpenoids like alpha-terpinene and alpha humulene.Keywords
Behavioural Responses, Brachymeria nephantidis, Elasmus nephantidis, Goniozus nephantidis, Kairomones, Opisina arenosella.- L-Tryptophan as an Ovipositional Attractant for Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Box No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 10, No 1&2 (1996), Pagination: 21-27Abstract
Laboratory and field cage experiments were conducted to select the best kairomone as an ovipositional attractant for Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). Acid hydrolysed L-tryptophan (15 days after storage) was found to be highly attractive to the males and females of C. carnea in no choice method, using wind tunnel method and in multiple choice method using the kairomone treated filter paper. Pure commercial honey, 25 per cent and 50 per cent honey solutions were attractive in no choice method but not in the multiple choice method. Highest number of eggs were laid on the filter paper sprayed with 15 days old L-tryptophan in laboratory study. However, in the field cage studies, only 3 day old L-tryptophan recorded highest oviposition on cotton plants treated with the kairomones, probably the breakdown product of L-tryptophan is not effective in long range if stored beyond 7 and 15 days. Possibility of using L-tryptophan in the field is discussed.
Keywords
Chrysoperla carnea, Honey, L-Tryptophan, Ovipositional Attractant.- Podagrion sp. (Hymenoptera:Torymidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Mantids in Nagaland
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore -560 024, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 130Abstract
The eggs of Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure) were parasitised by Podagrion sp. in Nagaland. The per cent oothecae parasitised was 28 and 40.6 during 1987 and 1988, respectively.Keywords
Egg Parasitoids, Podagrion sp, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis.- Optimum Temperature for Short Term Storage of Eggs of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, H.A. Farm Post, Bangalore 560 024, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, No 1 (1995), Pagination: 45-46Abstract
Chrysopids being efficient predators are used against pests of several important crops (Canard et al., 1984). Techniques for mass rearing of these chrysopids were developed by several workers (Morrison, 1977; Krishnamoorthy and Nagarkatti, 1981; Patel et al., 1987). Elsewhere in the world, detailed studies were conducted on the long term storage of the eggs of chrysopids (Tauber et al., 1993). However, reports on the storage of the eggs of chrysopids are lacking in India. An attempt was made to find out the optimum temperature and age of the eggs of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) for short term storage and the results are communicated in this short paper.Keywords
Chrysoperla carnea, Eggs Optimum Temperature, Storage.- A Semi-Synthetic Larval Diet for Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)
Authors
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN
2 Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 8, No 1 (1994), Pagination: 54-55Abstract
The value of chrysopids as a biological control agent in IPM programme has been appreciated in recent times. Efforts to mass rear them, investigations on dietary requirements and artificial diets with varying degrees of success have been reported (Hassen and Hagen, 1978; Gautam and Paul, 1987; Vanderzant, 1973).Keywords
Chrysoperla carnea, Semisynthetic Diet.- Chemoecological Approaches for Insect Borer Pest Management
Authors
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 111, No 5 (2016), Pagination: 783-784Abstract
A wide range of agricultural, horticultural and forest trees are vulnerable to insect borer pests causing serious loss to the economy. Cryptic nature of the borers causes the infestations to be overlooked until sizeable damage has occurred. Employing chemical or biological control has not yielded desirable results in suppressing these, as interventions hardly reach the target site/insect. However, the hazard of pesticides remains. Understanding the ecological interaction mediated by cues, especially odours between borers and their host will aid in the development of clean and green technologies.- Autodetection in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Authors
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 12 (2016), Pagination: 2261-2267Abstract
Autodetection is an olfactory behavioural process where the females of some species respond to their own pheromonal blends. Through electroantennogram studies it has been proved that the gravid females of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) respond to their pheromone blend consisting of Z-11-hexadecenal and Z-9- hexadecenal in the ratio 97 : 3. Male antennae respond more strongly than virgin female antennae. However, antennae of gravid females elicit strong response than unmated males. Also, males showed strong responses in cross-wind flying in wind tunnel experiments, when sex pheromone blends were used. Virgin females and gravid females showed poor response in wind-tunnel studies. The ovipositional experiment where gravid females were allowed to oviposit in the presence and absence of pheromone odours indicated that there was no difference in the number of eggs laid. Through morphological studies, it has been proved that the females also possess sensilla trichoidea, destined to perceive the pheromone blends, though lesser in number than the males. These results support the hypothesis that autodetection of sex pheromones exists in females of H. armigera and is thought to function as a mechanism to induce dispersal under high population densities.Keywords
Autodetection, Electroantennogram, Helicoverpa armigera, Oviposition, Synthetic Sex Pheromone.- Studies on New Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Natural Enemies
Authors
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 All India Coordinated Research Project on Small Millets, Univeristy of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560065, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 32, No 3 (2018), Pagination: 145-151Abstract
Occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly known as fall armyworm, in southern India is reported along with associated natural enemies. Severe damage was noticed in Chikkaballapur, Hassan, Shivamogga, Davanagere and Chitradurga during July-August 2018. The incidence ranged from 9.0 to 62.5 percent at various locations, maximum incidence was recorded in Hassan district followed by Chikkaballapur, Davanagere, Shivamogga and Chitradurga. Morphology and molecular based taxonomic tools were used for the identification of this pest. The GenBank accession number MH704433 of Chikkaballapur population was released on 1st August, 2018 and Barcode obtained from BOLD System-ID: AGIMP054-18. The survey also revealed natural parasitism by egg parasitoids viz., Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), gregarious larval parasitoid, Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) solitary larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and a solitary indeterminate larval-pupal (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) parasitoid. Spodoptera frugiperda is the first host record for G. creatonoti across the globe. Glyptapanteles creatonoti, being a well established parasitoid of various noctuids in India and Malaysia, was capable of parasitizing S. frugiperda. Besides these, other commonly found bioagents viz., Forficula sp. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson was also collected in large numbers. We report the natural enemy complex of S. frugiperda for the first time from India. The electro physiological response of Indian population of S. frugiperda male adults to pheromone was established. The studies to manage this pest by any/all means are in progress.Keywords
Karnataka, Maize, New Pest.References
- Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Wheeler DL. 2005. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(Database issue): D34−8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki063 PMid:15608212 PMCid:PMC540017
- Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 3: 294−299.
- PMid:7881515
- Ganiger PC, Yeshwanth HM, Muralimohan K, Vinay N, Kumar ARV, Chandrashekara K. 2018. First report on the occurrence of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Pest in Karnataka, India. UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru.
- Goergen G, Kumar PL, Sankung SB, Togola A, TamòM. 2016. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive Pest in West and Central Africa. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0165632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165632. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
- Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.
- Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 270: 313−321. https:// doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 PMid:12614582 PMCid:PMC1691236
- ICAR-NBAIR. 2018. Pest alert: Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera). (published on 30/07/2018).
- IITA. 2018. Fall armyworm has reached the Indian subcontinent! Available from: http://www.iita.org/news-item/ fall-armyworm-has-reached-the-indian-subcontinent/ (published on 04/08/2018).
- Sharanabasappa, Swamy KCM. 2018. Presence of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an Invasive Pest on Maize in University jurisdiction. University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/ d/1hEW58nhZViHPnRduCjRHVIfWhGASHLSH/viewwww.uahs.in (published on 20/07/2018).
- Steinmann H. 1993. Dermaptera. Eudermaptera II. Das Tierreich. 108: 1−711.
- Wilkinson DS. 1928. A revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanteles (Hym. Bracon.).
- Part II. Bull Entomol Res. 19: 109–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300020393
- Cautionary Note on the Presence of Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Colonies of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Southern India
Authors
1 ICAR–National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Germplasm collection and characterization, IN
2 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, IN
3 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN
4 TCRS, TNAU, Yethapur - 636 117, Tamil Nadu
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 34, No 2 (2020), Pagination: 158-160Abstract
High percentage of Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predating on the colonies of the Cassava Mealybug (CMB) Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is observed in southern India. In the present study, cautionary note on the presence of H. turkmenicus in the food web of insects associated with the CMB and brief diagnosis of the parasitoid is presented for quick identification. The parasitism of Hy. maindroni grubs by H. turkmenicus ranged from 65.67 to 80.95 per cent. However, no primary parasitoid of the cassava mealybug was observed so far.Keywords
Cassava Mealybug, Hyperparasitoid, Predation.References
- Joshi S, Pai SG, Deepthy KB, Ballal CR & Watson GW. 2020. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. Zootaxa 4772(1):191−194. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8
- Myartseva SN. 1981. Species of Homalotylus Mayr (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) - parasites of coccinellids (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Turkmenistan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR (Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk) 6: 35−41. [In Russian]
- Noyes JS. 2020. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids
- Invasion of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India: Nature, Distribution, Management and Potential Impact
Authors
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Punjab Agricultural University Campus, Ludhiana 141 004, IN
2 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
3 ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad 500 030, IN
4 DBT-National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110 067, IN
5 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 119, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 44-51Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)) is emerging as the most destructive pest of maize in India since its report in May 2018. Its rapid spread to more than 90% of maize-growing areas of diverse agro-ecologies of India within a span of 16 months presents a major challenge to smallholder maize farmers, maize-based industry, as well as food and nutritional security. FAW has been reported from other crops as well like sorghum and millets with varied proportion of economic damage. In this review, the transboundary movement of FAW, role of ecology, its spread and damage are discussed. Management of FAW by developing and deploying various pest management tools is elaborated. The role of agro-ecological measures for reducing FAW damage with African experiences has also been highlighted.Keywords
Agro-Ecology, Fall Armyworm, Host Plant Resistance, Integrated Pest Management, Transgenics.- Occurrence of Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera), A New Invasive Pest on Cassava in India and Prospects for its Classical Biological Control
Authors
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
2 ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi 110 102, IN
3 Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yethapur 636 119, IN
4 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sandhiyur 636 204, IN
5 Directorate of Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, IN
6 State Department of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Tamil Nadu, Senthamangalam 637 409, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 432-435Abstract
Increased globalization and trade have made India a target for entry of many new alien insect pests. One such unintentional recent introduction is the cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava. Monitoring on the occurrence and damage potential of CMB on cassava was undertaken during 2020. Among the places surveyed, maximum damage score (4–5) and density of the mealybug (>1000/shoot tip) were recorded in Salem and Namakkal districts of Tamil Nadu and Thrissur district of Kerala. In the absence of effective native natural enemies and other methods of control, CMB might pose a major crisis to the cassava industry in India. The prospects of its suppression by classical biological control are quite vibrant and the initiative to import the parasitoid wasp, Anagyrus lopezi from Thailand and the Republic of Benin is already being taken by ICAR-NBAIR, Bengaluru, India.Keywords
Biological Control, Damage, Invasive, Monitoring, Phenacoccus manihoti.References
- Anon., Horticulture Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt of India, 2018.
- Muniappan, R., Shepard, B. M., Watson, G. W., Carner, G. R., Sartiami, D., Rauf, A. and Hammig, M. D., First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. J. Agric. Urban Entomol., 2008, 25, 37–40.
- Suresh, S., Jothimani, R., Sivasubrmanian, P., Karuppuchamy, P., Samiyappan, R. and Jonathan, E. I., Invasive mealybugs of Tamil Nadu and their management. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 2010, 23, 6–9.
- Mani, M., Krishnamoorthy, A. and Shivaraju, C., Biological suppression of major mealybug species on horticultural crops in India. J. Hortic. Sci., 2011, 6, 85–100.
- Shylesha, A. N., Joshi, S., Rabindra, R. J. and Bhumannavar, B. S., Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug. In Proceedings of the National Consultation Meeting on Strategies for Deployment and Impact of the Imported Parasitoids of Papaya Mealybug, PDBC, Bangalore, 2010.
- Joshi, S., Pai, S. G., Deepthy, K. B., Ballal, C. R. and Watson, G., The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. Zootaxa, 2020, 4772(1), 191–194.
- PM7/129(1) DNA barcoding as an identification tool for a number of regulated pests. OEPP/EPPO Bull., 2016, 46(3), 501–537.
- Pacheco da Silva, V. C., Bertin, A., Blin, A., Germain, J. F., Bernardi, D. and Rignol, G., Molecular and morphological identification of mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Brazilian Vineyards. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(7), e103267.
- Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. and Dewaard, J. R., Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. Biol. Sci., 2003, 270, 313–322.
- Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O., Gutierrez, A. P., Cudjoe, A. R., Adjakloe, R., Baumgärtner, J. U. and Regev, U., Impact assessment of the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), by the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bull. Ent. Res., 1989, 79, 579–594.
- Nwanze, K. F., Relationships between cassava ischolar_main yield and infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Trop. Pest Manage., 1982, 28, 27–32.
- Pronam, M’Vuazi, Zaire, Institut National d’Etudes et de Recherches Agricoles/Dept. Agric. (mimeograph). Rapport annuel 1978, p. 40.
- Gupta, A., Mohan, M., Sampathkumar, M., Shylesha, A. N., Venkatachalam, S. R. and Bakthavatsalam, N., Cautionary note on the presence of Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the colonies of Phenacoccus manihoti MatileFerrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in southern India. J. Biol. Control, 2020, 34(2), 158–160.
- Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Zhang, W., Prager, S. D., Kramer, D. B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C. E. and van der Werf, W., Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. Environ. Res. Lett., 2018, 13(9), 094005.
- Wyckhuys, K. A. G. et al., Soil fertility regulates invasive herbivore performance and top-down control in tropical agroecosystems of Southeast Asia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2017, 249, 38–49.
- Wyckhuys, K. A. G. et al., Continental-scale suppression of an invasive pest by a host-specific parasitoid underlines both environmental and economic benefits of arthropod biological control. Peer J., 2018, 6, e5796.
- Cock, M. J. W. et al., The use and exchange of biological control agents for food and agriculture. In Background Study Paper No.47. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO, Rome, 2009, p. 88.
- Potential of Polymer Matrix in Delivery of Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citratus Stapf Essential Oil Against House Fly Musca domestica L.
Authors
1 Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, IN
2 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 CPMU, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research 560064, Bangalore, IN
4 National Centre for Biological Sciences- TIFR, Bengaluru 560065, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 84, No 3 (2022), Pagination: 556-561Abstract
House fly Musca domestica L. is a pest of humans, poultry, and livestock across the world. Dependence on chemical insecticides to contain the flies provided varying results and their continued use has led to development of insecticide resistance. Bioactive compounds in plants are an alternative source to manage M. domestica. Lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf essential oil caused fumigant toxicity to eggs (LC501.299 mg/dm3) and adults (16.56 mg/ dm3). The C. citratus EO caused larval repellence. Polyvinylpyrrolidone when used as polymer matrix to load C. citratus at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 caused toxicity to flies for a longerperiod as compared to use of EO alone. The EO loaded in polymer matrix had a slower dissipation, EO+PVP polymer mixed at 1:3 retained over 80% of EO after 72 hr when exposed to 60oC. EO, whilst EO alone without a dispenser dissipated in 3 hr. The biological effect of C. citratus EO on M. domestica canbe enhanced for a longer period if loaded into a polymer matrix and this would be an effective strategyto manage M. domestica.Keywords
Cymbopogon citratus, essential oil, fumigant toxicity, Musca domestica, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymer matrix, slow delivery, repellence activity, ovicidal toxicity, GC-MSReferences
- Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils - A review Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2): 446-475.
- Benelli G, Beier J C. 2017. Current vector control challenges in the fight against malaria. Acta Tropica 174: 91-96.
- Benelli G, Pavela R, Petrelli R, Nzekoue F K, Cappellacci L, Lupidi G, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Sut S, Dall Acqua S, Canale A, Maggi F. 2019. Carlina oxide from Carlina acaulis root essential oil acts as a potent mosquito larvicide. Industrial Crops and Products 137: 356-366.
- Bhatnagar A. 2018. Composition variation of essential oil of Cymbopogon spp. growing in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10(1): 363-366.
- Chauhan N, Malik A, Sharma S, Dhiman R C. 2016. Larvicidal potential of essential oils against Musca domestica and Anopheles stephensi. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2223-2231.
- Chellappandian M, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Karthi S, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Kalaivani K, Hunter W B. 2018. Botanical essential oils and uses as mosquitocides and repellents against dengue. Environment International 113: 214-230.
- Devi M A, Nameirakpam B, Devi T B, Mayanglambam S, Singh K D, Sougrakpam S, Shadia S, Tongbram M, David S S, Sahoo D, Rajashekar Y. 2020. Chemical compositions and insecticidal efficacies of four aromatic essential oils on rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. doi:10.1007/s42690-020-00102-1.
- Dorman H J D, Deans S G. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88 (2): 308-316.
- El Zayyat E A, Soliman M I, Elleboudy N A, Ofaa S E. 2015. Musca domestica laboratory susceptibility to three ethnobotanical culinary plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(20): 15844-15852.
- Feng R, Isman M B. 1995. Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experientia, 51(8): 831-833.
- Flemming C, Wingender J, Griebe T, Mayer C. 2000. Physico-chemical properties of biofilms. Biofilms: Recent advances in their study and control. Edited by L.V. Evans. Harwood academic Publishers, Amsterdam.
- Isman, M B. 2006. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology 51(1): 45-66.
- Isman M B. 2017. Bridging the gap: Moving botanical insecticides from the laboratory to the farm. Industrial Crops and Products 110: 10-14.
- Isman M B, Machial C M. 2006. Pesticides based on plant essential oils: from traditional practice to commercialization. In: Rai and Carpinella (eds.) Naturally occurring bioactive compounds 3(1): 29-44.
- Kaul S, Gulati N, Verma D, Mukherjee S, Nagaich U. 2018. Role of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals: A review of recent advances. Journal of Pharmaceutics. Article ID 3420204, 1-19.
- Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal G S. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Biopesticides International 4(1): 63-84.
- Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S. 2012. Housefly (Musca domestica L.) control potential of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poales: Poaceae) essential oil and monoterpenes (citral and 1, 8-cineole). Parasitology Research 112 (1): 69-76.
- Liu N, Yue X. 2000. Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93(4): 1269-1275.
- Magierowicz K, Edyta G D, Katarzyna G. 2020. Effects of plant extracts and essential oils on the behaviour of Acrobasis advenella (Zinck.) caterpillars and females. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 127: 63-71.
- Mishra P, Tyagi B K, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. 2017. Biological nanopesticides: a greener approach towards the mosquito vector control. Environmental Science Pollution Research 25(11): 10151-10163.
- Nerio L S, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E. 2010. Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology 101(1): 372-378.
- Oyedele A O, Gbolade A A, Sosan M B, Adewoyin F B, Soyelu O L, Orafidiya O O. 2002. Formulation of an effective mosquito repellent topical product from lemongrass oil. Phytomedicine 9(3): 259-262.
- Pavela R, Vrchotova N, Triska J. 2009. Mosquitocidal activities of thyme oils (Thymus vulgaris L.) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 105(5): 1365-1370.
- Pavela R. 2015. Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Industrial Crops and Products 76: 174-187.
- Pavela R, Benelli G. 2016. Essential oils as eco-friendly biopesticides? Challenges and constraints. Trends in Plant Science 21(12): 1000-1007.
- Prado A P. 2003. Control of the main species of flies in urban areas. Biologico 65(1-2): 95-97.
- Pujiarti R, Fentiyanti P K. 2017. Chemical compositions and repellent activity of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus deglupta essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 41(1):19-24.
- Pushpanathan T, Jebanesan A, Govindarajan M. 2006. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Graminae) essential oil against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Tropical Biomedicine 23(2): 208-212.
- Ravindran P, Subaharan K, Vibina V, Chandran K P, Prathibha P S, Sujithra M. 2019a. Essential oil in management of coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros L. Indian Journal of Entomology 81(3): 603-608.
- Ravindran P, Subaharan K, Chandran K P, Vibina V, Subramaniyan T M, Sonu K P. 2019b. Controlled delivery of essential oils for the management of rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) in coconut. Journal of Plantation Crops 47(1): 31-40.
- Rice P J, Coats J R. 1994. Insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoid to the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Southern Corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87(5):1172-1179.
- Roy A, Singh S K, Bajpai J, Bajpai A K. 2014. Controlled pesticide release from biodegradable polymers. Central European Journal of Chemistry 12(4): 453-469.
- Saad N Y, Muller C D, Lobstein A. 2013. Major bioactivities and mechanism of action of essential oils and their components. Flavour Fragrance Journal 28(5): 269-279.
- Senthoorraja R, Subaharan K, Ankita Gupta, Basavarajappa S, Lalitha Y, Bakthavatsalam N, Chandran P. 2020. Host factors influencing the parasitism by Nesolynx thymus (Girault) Hymenoptera:Eulophidae on housefly, M. domestica L. Journal of Biological Control 34(3): 200-207.
- Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann A S. 2011. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (lemongrass). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research 2(1): 3-8.
- Sinthusiri J, Soonwera M. 2013. “Efficacy of herbal essential oils as insecticides against the hose fly, Musca domestica L.”. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 44(2): 188-196.
- Sinthusiri J, Soonwera M. 2014. Oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activities of seven herbal essential oils against female adults of housefly, Musca domestica L. Parasitology Research 113(8): 3015-3022.
- Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. 2011. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1(1): S124-S128.
- Wang J N, Hou J, Wu Y Y, Guo S, Liu Q M, Li T Q, Gong Z Y. 2019. Resistance of House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), to Five Insecticides in Zhejiang Province, China: The Situation in 2017. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 1-10.